“The largest single driver of growth will be infrastructure costs, driven by a sharp acceleration in depreciation expense growth and higher operating costs as we continue to scale up our infrastructure fleet.”

In context

“e assumes foreign currency is an approximately 1% tailwind to year-over-year total revenue growth, based on current exchange rates. While we are not providing an outlook for fourth quarter revenue, we would expect our year-over-year growth rate in the fourth quarter of 2025 to be slower than the third quarter as we lap a period of stronger growth in the fourth quarter of 2024. Turning now to the expense outlook. We expect full year 2025 total expenses to be in the range of $114 billion to $118 billion, narrowed from our prior outlook of $113 billion to $118 billion and reflecting a growth rate of 20% to 24% year-over-year. While we're still very early in planning for next year, there are a few factors we expect will provide meaningful upward pressure on our 2026 total expense growth rate. The largest single driver of growth will be infrastructure costs, driven by a sharp acceleration in depreciation expense growth and higher operating costs as we continue to scale up our infrastructure fleet. Aside from infrastructure, we expect the second largest driver of growth to be employee compensation as we add technical talent in priority areas and recognize a full year of compensation expenses for employees hired throughout 2025. We expect these factors will result in a 2026 year-over- year expense growth rate that is above the 2025 expense growth rate. Turning now to the CapEx outlook. We currently expect 2025 capital expenditures, including principal payments on finance leases, to be in the range of $66 billion to $72 billion, narrowed from our prior outlook of $64 billion to $72 billion and up approximately $30 billion year-over-year at the midpoint. While the infrastructure planning process remains highly dynamic, we currently expect another year of similarly significant CapEx dol”